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Haematology
The Haematology specialty encompasses clinical care (consultations and inpatient services), particularly in General Haematology, Haemato-Oncology, and Transfusion Medicine, diagnosing and treating disorders of the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system.
Blood comprises a liquid component (plasma) and cellular elements (red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells). Plasma contains proteins involved in immune defence and blood clotting. As for the cellular components, red blood cells transport oxygen throughout the body, platelets control bleeding, and white blood cells fight infections.
The three main groups of haematological diseases are anaemias, coagulation disorders, and proliferative/infiltrative diseases likeleukaemias or lymphomas.
- Dra. Ana Montalvão
Clínica Particular de Beja
The primary test performed in Hamatology is the complete blood count (CBC), which helps identify the three major classes of common blood disorders:
• Red blood cell abnormalities: Low levels indicate anaemia, while high levels suggest polycythaemia.
• White blood cell abnormalities: These can signal various conditions, including leukaemia.
• Platelet abnormalities: Most commonly, low levels may lead to spontaneous bleeding or haemorrhages, part of a group of disorders called "coagulation disorders," with the most common being Purpura.
Examples of Haematological Diseases:
Platelet Disorders and Blood Coagulation Abnormalities
Thrombocytosis (or thrombocythemia) and thrombocytopenia are conditions that affect platelet counts in the blood, which normally range from 170 to 430 x 10⁹/L in adults. Thrombocytosis refers to an abnormally high platelet count, while thrombocytopenia indicates a reduction below normal level. Both conditions can have significant health implications and must be monitored according to their cause and severity.
Thrombophilias
A trombofilia é uma condição médica que aumenta a predisposição para formar coágulos sanguíneos (trombose) de forma anormal. Em pessoas com trombofilia, o sangue coagula mais facilmente do que o normal, o que pode levar a complicações como tromboses venosas profundas, embolia pulmonar, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) ou enfarte do miocárdio.
Essa condição pode ser hereditária ou adquirida. Embora algumas pessoas com trombofilia não apresentem sintomas, outras podem enfrentar sérios problemas de saúde devido à formação de coágulos.
Congenital or Acquired Anaemias
Anaemia is a condition characterized by a reduced number of red blood cells or haemoglobin levels below normal ranges. Haemoglobin, the protein responsible for oxygen transport to body tissues, is essential for proper organ and tissue function. Low haemoglobin levels can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pallor, shortness of breath, dizziness, or headaches.
Benign White Blood Cell Disorders
Anaemia is a condition characterized by a reduced number of red blood cells or haemoglobin levels below normal ranges. Haemoglobin, the protein responsible for oxygen transport to body tissues, is essential for proper organ and tissue function. Low haemoglobin levels can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pallor, shortness of breath, dizziness, or headaches.
Haemophilia
Haemophilia is a hereditary condition that impairs blood clotting, making it difficult to control bleeding due to deficient or absent clotting factors. The main types are Haemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency) and Haemophilia B (Factor IX deficiency).
Leukemia
Leukemia is a type of cancer affecting blood and bone marrow, characterized by the uncontrolled production of abnormal white blood cells, disrupting the body's ability to produce healthy cells. It may develop suddenly (acute leukaemia) or progress slowly (chronic leukaemia).
Lymphoma
Lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which defends the body against infections and diseases. This system includes lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell), lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow. In lymphoma, lymphocytes undergo changes that cause uncontrolled multiplication, forming tumours and impairing immune function.
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS)
MGUS refers to the presence of abnormal proteins (monoclonal immunoglobulins) in the blood, produced by plasma cells derived from B lymphocytes. These proteins typically do not cause immediate harm but can sometimes progress to more serious conditions, such as multiple myeloma, lymphoma, or amyloidosis.
Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Thrombocytopenic purpura involves reduced platelet levels, which are critical for blood clotting. Low platelet counts increase the risk of bleeding, with symptoms such as easy bruising, purple skin spots, and nose or gum bleeding.
Thalassemia
Thalassemia is an inherited disorder affecting haemoglobin production in red blood cells, leading to premature RBC destruction and anaemia. This results from genetic mutations impacting haemoglobin's globin chains.
Multiple Myeloma
At HPA Health Group, we specialize in diagnosing and treating complex conditions like multiple myeloma, a cancer affecting the bone marrow. It involves the excessive proliferation of plasma cells, disrupting the normal production of red and white blood cells and platelets, leading to various health issues.
